农村集体经营性建设用地价格影响因素的实证分析*——基于江西省余江县179份交易案例

[目的]确定农村集体商服用地、工业用地价格的影响因素,为科学评估农村集体经营性建设用地地价、构建城乡统一建设用地市场提供参考。[方法]利用全国农村土地使用制度改革试点之一的江西省余江县179个交易案例,运用特征价格模型分析农村集体商服用地、工业用地价格的影响因素及各类因素的贡献率。[结果](1)农村集体商服用地价格的主要影响因素依次为乡镇财政收入、人均纯收入、到客运站距离、到国道的距离、教育设施;农村集体工业用地价格的主要影响因素依次为人均纯收入、人均农村居民点面积、到客运站的距离、到国道的距离。(2)社会经济因素、区位交通因素和公共设施因素对集体商服用地价格的贡献度分别为69. 0%、20. 4%和10. 6%;社会经济因素和区位交通因素对集体工业用地价格的贡献度分别为52. 8%和47. 2%。[结论]总体上与国有城镇建设用地价格存在共性规律,但存在部分因素与国有建设用地价格规律存在差异,农村集体经营性建设用地估价不宜完全套用城镇建设用地的思路。     

Welfare effects of the Telecommunication Reform in Mexico

The telecommunication sector in Mexico was highly concentrated until 2013. The sector was mostly composed by a dominant player, a rationed market (low density of services), a poor institutional design, high tariffs, and weak regulation agents. The Herfindahl-Hirschman (HHI) index was 5333 for mobile telephone and 7,029 for fixed telephone services—among the highest scores in the world. In order to promote competition in the sector, Congress approved a reform in 2013 to establish a new regulator empowered to impose asymmetrical rules in the case of the predominance of a single firm. A declaration of preponderance of the dominant player was issued, promoting free interconnection rates and the mandatory sharing of its passive and active infrastructure with the rest of the firms in the industry. The new institutional design led to increased competition in the sector, decreasing the mobile and fixed telephone prices while increasing the coverage and penetration of these services. In this article, an applied general equilibrium model for the Mexican economy is employed to assess the impact of the Telecommunication Reform in Mexico in the telephone sector, consumer welfare, and income distribution. The model is static, encompassing 10 types of consumers (rural and urban and the five income quintiles) and 40 sectors (of which four are disaggregate telecommunications industries). It assumes fixed wages and capital rental prices as well as idle resources. The main results indicate that the effects of the reform are not minor; the drop in telephone prices would reduce the general consumer price index by almost 2%, and the value added would increase by more than 3%, benefiting mainly households in the highest income quantiles.     

Cost‐reflective pricing: empirical insights into irrigators’ preferences for water tariffs

Using prices to improve the efficiency with which water resources are allocated is now widely accepted in principle if somewhat difficult to achieve in practice. Whilst there are some technical difficulties associated with full‐cost recovery in irrigation, the lack of political will to tackle reform remains a significant impediment. This article reports the results of an empirical investigation into farmers’ preferences for changes to water prices and tariff structures. We conclude that some of the preferences of farmers are conducive to price reform. We also find evidence that public subsidy of infrastructure in irrigation is not always aligned with the preferences of farmers.     

农地整治项目的治理机制研究——以湖北省和山东省的调查为例

研究目的:基于契约治理和关系治理维度分析农地整治项目治理机制,探究治理机制完善途径。研究方法:理论分析、因子分析、障碍因子诊断。研究结果:(1)农地整治项目契约治理包括控制权配置、风险分担、利益分配和关系协调等机制,关系治理包括信任、承诺、沟通和合作等机制;(2)农户对农地整治项目治理机制的评价(3.50/3.62/3.44)整体处于"一般—比较满意"水平,对政府主导整治项目的评价得分(3.50/3.62)高于非政府主导整治项目得分(3.44);(3)契约治理首位障碍因子为风险分担,关系治理首位障碍因子为沟通;(4)政府主导整治的首位障碍因子为变更通知/技术交底(障碍度5.54%/5.41%),非政府主导整治的首位障碍因子为风险处理程序(障碍度5.42%)。研究结论:合理分担风险、加强信息沟通,是完善农地整治项目治理机制的有效途径;当前农地整治仍应以政府主导为主,非政府主导作为重要的补充形式,还需在实践中继续探索与完善。     

土地整治对中国粮食产出稳定性的贡献

研究目的:研究土地整治对粮食产出稳定性的贡献,为制定合理高效的土地整治政策,促进粮食增产稳产提供依据。研究方法:采用H-P滤波法实证分析中国粮食产量的波动性及增长趋势,然后基于C-D生产函数,分别建立趋势产量和波动强度面板回归模型,分析土地整治对粮食产出稳定性的影响。研究结果:(1)粮食作物播种面积、农业机械总动力、农用化肥施用量均对粮食长期趋势产生不同程度促进作用;农业劳动力对主产区粮食长期趋势影响显著为负,对非主产区却有正向影响。(2)土地整治面积和单位面积投资额均降低了全国及主产区粮食产量的波动程度,土地整治规模在全国和主产区的影响系数分别为-1.4162和-2.2215;单位土地整治面积投资额在全国和主产区的影响系数分别为-0.7589和-1.3509。(3)土地整治新增耕地面积对全国和主产区的粮食产量波动强度影响为正,影响系数分别为0.8018和1.3931。可能是通过土地整治新增的耕地质量较低,产出不高,导致了粮食产量波动。土地整治投入在非主产区均表现为不显著。研究结论:应继续推进尤其是主产区的土地整治项目实施,加大土地整治投资强度,建立长期稳定的投入机制,合理使用整治资金,注重提高新增耕地质量和综合生产能力,同时将土地整治投入和管理机制与农业生产系统运行机制、自然因素等有效结合,并制定差别化区域政策,以保障粮食增产稳产和区域协调发展。     

基于CE模型的河南省耕地生态补偿额度研究

[目的]基于生态补偿利益主体的需求和支付意愿,充分考虑区域经济发展状态,测算具有弹性的生态补偿标准,确保生态补偿机制顺利运行。[方法]以河南省457份实地调查问卷为基础,采用选择实验法,建立由4个属性水平、7个选择集组成的生态价值属性集,测算受访对象生态补偿的支付意愿。[结果]城乡居民对于耕地资源景观与生态环境关注度最高,其次是耕地质量和耕地面积;农民和市民对于耕地生态价值属性满足的支付意愿存在显著差异性,农民支付意愿为2 060.55元/hm~2,市民支付意愿为3 396.15元/hm~2,两者相差近1 335.60元/hm~2,收入水平、环保意识是影响受访对象生态补偿支付意愿的最直接因素,但两者均认为耕地面积不变、耕地质量改善和耕地景观生态环境改善为最优选择。[结论]补偿额度应充分考虑相关利益主体的支付能力和意愿,将农民的支付意愿作为生态补偿下限,市民的支付意愿作为生态补偿上限,可建立具有一定弹性的生态补偿机制。     

Capitalization of land development rights in rural China: A choice experiment on individuals’ preferences in peri-urban Shanghai

The capitalization of land development rights is acknowledged as the key to improving compensations for rural landholders and ameliorating land-related social conflicts in peri-urban China. Investigations into reasonable as well as feasible compensation standards and the capitalization mechanism are yet to be done. This study uses a survey-based choice experiment to empirically estimate the value of land development rights in peri-urban Shanghai for three forms of rural land conversion – acquisition, consolidation and (informal) sale. The results show that heterogeneity across individuals’ preferences translates into different utilities from land development, which affects individual’s willingness to participate in this process. This effect is found to be the strongest for land sales on the informal market. If, however, land conversion is managed by local governments and rural collectives, the expected utilities of individuals have no significant effect on the amount of land development. The results suggest that capitalizing land development rights under consideration of land attributes and individuals’ preferences would lift compensation standard to a level that strikes a balance among competing land-related interests. In addition, it would promote China’s land development by bypassing the institutional constraints imposed by the current land tenure system.     

基于分层线性模型的开发区工业用地集约利用影响因素研究

研究目的:针对以往工业用地集约利用影响因素研究仅考虑单一层次且多集中于宏观、中观尺度的问题,尝试从微观企业尺度分析企业、开发区两层因素对工业用地集约利用的影响。研究方法:综合评价法和分层线性模型。研究结果:江西省开发区企业土地集约利用水平总体偏低,在地域分布上呈现出赣北赣东赣西赣中赣南的特征,与开发区土地集约利用水平地域分布一致;开发区企业用地集约度受到企业和开发区两个层次影响。企业层次主要受企业规模、企业所有制、行业类型、研发投入和初始基础设施影响;开发区层次主要受开发区级别、工业用地率和土地利用集约度影响,并且通过影响企业资本类型、研发投入和初始基础设施的系数对企业用地集约度产生加成效用。研究结论:分层线性模型有效解决了开发区企业土地集约利用影响因素的结构分层和嵌套问题,揭示了开发区企业土地集约利用影响因素与机制,研究结果为研究区有针对性的制定土地集约利用政策提供一定依据。     

基于CLUE-S和GMOP模型的青龙满族自治县土地利用情景模拟

[目的]对青龙满族自治县未来土地利用格局进行多情景预测模拟,并探索土地经济和生态综合效益双提升目标下的土地利用发展格局,以期为区域土地资源优化配置和国土空间规划的编制提供参考。[方法]基于土地利用现状数据和社会经济统计资料,分别利用CLUE-S单模型、灰色多目标优化(GMOP)+CLUE-S模型对研究区进行了土地利用情景模拟。[结果](1)所选驱动因子对土地利用类型的解释能力较好,ROC值均大于0.7,满足Auto-Logistic回归要求,模拟检验的Kappa系数为91.03%,模拟效果比较理想;(2)到2020年,基于CLUE-S单模型的自然发展情景,研究区建设用地扩张占用耕地和林地现象突出,土地经济效益提升较大,但生态效益却呈现负增长;基于GMOP+CLUE-S模型的多目标优化情景,研究区建设用地扩张趋势得到控制,耕地、林地面积有所增加,未利用地得到较大程度开发,实现了土地经济和生态效益双提升,分别比2015年提升了3.12%和1.96%。[结论]GMOP+CLUE-S模型能够发挥两个模型各自在结构优化和空间分配方面的优点,有利于实现区域土地利用数量结构、空间布局和综合效益的协同优化。